(d) Measured sensitivity versus frequency. Atoms are interrogated over a 2-mm gap between the signal conductor and ground conductor. (c) Field simulations of the microwave circuit along a middle slice of the board. A third SMA cable, in the center, is used to add a dc bias to the circuit backplane, to help zero ambient dc fields. A coplanar waveguide transitions to a circuit region where the evanescent electric field area is matched to the Rydberg interrogation area. Signals are detected in homodyne, using a balanced detector. Rydberg atoms are detected using a 780-nm and 480-nm beam, counterpropagating above a microwave circuit, with connections for input, output, and dc bias. The system opens the door for small, room-temperature, ensemble-based Rydberg sensors that surpass the sensitivity, bandwidth, and precision limitations of standard rf sensors, receivers, and analyzers. We also demonstrate waveguide-readout of the thermal Rydberg ensemble by nondestructively probing waveguide-atom interactions. Attaching a standard rabbit-ears antenna, the spectrum analyzer detects weak ambient signals including FM radio, AM radio, WiFi, and bluetooth. By connecting through a low-noise preamplifier, we demonstrate high-performance spectrum analysis with peak sensitivity of better than − 145 dBm/Hz. The system achieves an intrinsic sensitivity of up to − 120 ( 2 ), dc coupling, 4-MHz instantaneous bandwidth, and over 80 dB of linear dynamic range. We use an off-resonant rf heterodyne technique to achieve continuous operation for carrier frequencies ranging from dc to 20 GHz. We demonstrate an atomic rf receiver and spectrum analyzer based on thermal Rydberg atoms coupled to a planar microwave waveguide.
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